Subject: Designing Instant Help for Windows
From: Сохранено Internet Explorer 11
Date: Mon, 29 Feb 2016 17:34:22 +0400

Bear mapping program

by V. E. Asming

General information

Introduction

The BEAR mapping
program is designed for presentation of some earth-distributed functions
(primarily  for electrical
conductivity).

Such functions are
prepared as

a) Sets of lines
with assigned values of the functions. These lines can be of several different
kinds : isolines, 2-side isolines, profiles, 2-side profiles and borders

b) Sets of points
with assigned coordinates and values;

c) Rectangular
grids with given values in nodes (such grids can be prepared by external
programs or calculated by lines and point sets);

(See more details
in Projects).

In addition, the program can plot illustrative data such as geographic
contours, texts, markers, scale lines, bitmaps (image files with parts of maps),
rectangular grids with values.

The program uses equidistant projection or globe projection. An arbitrary
scaling and the globe rotations are possible.

All data, including illustrative ones (geographic contours, texts,
markers) and data characterizing some function distribution are incapsulated in
Projects which can be
loaded and edited.

The function values can be interpolated and saved in a form of profiles
or data grids. (See Computations).

A new geographic contour can be plotted right on a map during work
session. This contour can be used as a profile, geographic contour or isoline.
This feature together with PCX files
wrapper tool enables to vectorize some lines using this
program.

The standalone program DpWin.EXE may be used for digitizing geographic
contours, data lines and points and load them to the BEAR mapping program.

What is new

Version
3.60

n
Textured conturs (filled by an
arbitrary bitmap, see Textures);

n
BMP files in PCX files wrapper;

n
Profiling under calculated grids (see
Grids);

n
Saving data sets (sets of isolines,
profiles, borders, point sets) to .SET files to conjunct with different
projects;

n
Plotting of calculated grids with
shadows  (see Grids);

n
3D plotting of calculated grids (see
Grids);

n
Recovering of isolines by calculated
grids;

Version
3.75

·
Search of data points inside a
frame;

·
Startup menu;

·
Possibility to measure azimuths,
distances along Earth surface and directly;

·
Zooming inside a frame;

·
Scale-dependent show of project’s
primitives;

·
Possible to use .GEO -files consisting
of closed conturs;

·
Curved text lines are possible (plot a
contur less than 10 points and use Add text);

·
Remarks for each point of a point
set;

Author and copyright

The program was
designed by Vladimir E.
Asming,
Kola Regional Seismological Centre, Russia.

home
page:

http://www.krsc.ru

e-mail:

[email-masked]

The program is
free for BEAR project participants. It is password-protected mostly for some
feedback between the author and users. Feel free to ask for the password by the
e-mail addresses given above. There are two options in Main menu which are password-protected : Save and Export. All others are working without
password.

All data projects
are owned by BEAR projects participants.

Projects

Projects

Projects are
collections of all the data inputted to the program during a working session.
The lists of data  can be saved on a
disk and loaded for future using.

All data can be
separated onto two kinds :

1. Illustrative data
which is used for plotting on maps only :

- geographic
contours (lines) of different styles, filled and unfilled;

-
bitmaps;

- points with
markers,

- text
lines;

- rectangular
grids with known values of function (results of computations by data sets, can
be plotted as isolines and semi-transparent fields);

- textures to fill
conturs;

2. Data used for calculation
of representing function:

- lines with known
data values (see Kinds of data
lines);

- sets of points
with known coordinates and values;

Markers and texts
can be inputted and corrected using Main window. All other data items are inputed
using Menu of
projects.

See also :

Data formats

Kinds of data
lines

Menu of
projects

Kinds of data lines

There are 5 kinds
of data lines implemented in the program. All of them are lines (sets of points
in geographic coordinates) with some attached values. All the lines can be
closed or unclosed. This is defined automatically during addition data to a
project. If first and last points of a line are close to each other the line is
assumed to be closed.

Each data line can
be attached by a depth range for which the line is valid. This enables to make
maps containing several depth layers.

1. Ordinary
isolines

These are lines of
equal value of a function. It means that the function is continuous on this
line.

2. Two-side
isolines.

Each such line is
a line where a function changes this value from one constant value from the left
side of the line to a different value to the right of the line. These lines are
used to represent abrupt jumps of a function (see picture below).

NOTE, that both kinds of isolines are implemented in the program in the
same way, i.e., as a sets of geographic points with 2 values (left and right)
attached. If the values are equal an ordinary isoline is assumed.

3. Abrupt
borders.

These are lines with no numerical values attached. They represent places
where a function has an abrupt jump (see picture below).

4. One-side
profiles.

These are lines
(sets of points in geographic coordinates) with one value attached to each
point. These lines are intended to represent a smooth functions (see picture
below).

5. Two-side
profiles.

These are lines
(sets of points in geographic coordinates) with two values attached to each
point. As well as abrupt borders,
these lines are intended to represent places where a function has an abrupt
break. The only difference between them is that points of such profile are
characterized by some values whereas values for abrupt borders are obtained by
an interpolation by surrounding isolines (see picture below).

Menu of projects

This menu is used
to input project data and edit their properties. It contains a tabbed page with
a set of tab sheets. Each sheet contain tables for a list of data items of a
certain kind with their properties.

Usage of the
tables is the same : hit INSERT key
to insert data item, DELETE to
remove it, click mouse to toggle some properties, edit those ones which can be
edited.

Or just CLICK the leftmost column of a table by
mouse to call a popup menu to insert or delete data items.

See also (for each
tab sheet):

- Conturs;

- Bitmaps;

- Data lines;

- Data points;

- Grids;

- Plot order;

- Textures;

- 3D plot for
grids;

Conturs

The following table is used for conturs inserting end editing:

This enables to
input geographic contours from GEO-files (see Data formats). Use INSERT and DELETE keys to input  or delete a contour, or just click the
leftmost column to call a popup menu for inserting/deleting.

Click COLOR  cell to call a dialog to select the
contour's color. Write an integer number into THICKNESS cell to select its
thickness.

The LEGEND cell initially contains
contour's file name. It is possible to type here any text which will arrive in
the map's legend. If the cell is empty no line will appear in the
legend.

The cells SCALE0 and SCALE1 specify the minimal and maximal
of scales (km per sm) when the contur is to be shown. (You can know the scale
switching Legends for scales ON (Main menu, Options, Legend for
scales).

When FILL cell is clicked the following
panel appears:

It enables to set
conturs fill mode, it's internal color and pattern.

If a contur is
filled it is possible to make it textured. To do this select ‘textured’
form the list of fill styles and type a reference name of texture in the box
below. Then press ACCEPT. (See Textures)

The column ‘Arc’ is used to set lines drawing
taking into account the Earth’s sphericity. Use this for conturs consisting of
long lines.

Bitmaps

Bitmaps are PCX or BMP files with some reference points
connecting the bitmap image with geographic coordinates. They are prepared by
PCX files wrapper as
.BBM-files. Each .BBM-file contains a set of reference
points plus link to an image file name.

The following
table is used to insert bitmaps and edit their properties  (use INSERT and DELETE keys to input  or delete a bitmap, or just click the
leftmost column to call a popup menu for inserting/deleting) :

The LEGEND cell initially
contains .BBM file name. It is possible to type here any text which will arrive
in the map's legend. If the cell is empty no line will appear in the
legend.

Click COLOR  cell to call a dialog to select the
bitmaps color.

If the bitmap includes a black-white PCX-file its black points will be
plotted in the map using the color selected in the 'Color' cell.

If the bitmap contains a color (256 colors) or gray image it will be
shown as black-white if 'True show'
is off, otherwise it will be shown 'as is'. The cells 'Brightness' are valid for these kinds
of files and mean that those pixels of the files which brightness is greater
that the value inside will remain transparent. Use 255 to plot a whole
bitmaps.

The cell 'Transparency'
can contain an integer number from 0 to 100 percents. When its value is 0,
the bitmap is solid, when 100 it is invisible.

The cells SCALE0 and SCALE1 specify the minimal and maximal
of scales (km per sm) when the contur is to be shown. (You can know the scale
switching Legends for scales ON (Main menu, Options, Legend for
scales).

Use Fictive bitmap button
to place several pictures to a map, just to look thriugh them
simultaneously.

Data lines

See Kinds of data
lines

This page contains
two tables and a preview window :

Table of
authors:

Since a project
can contain data obtained from several authors we can specify data items
authorship. This table enables to input names of authors and switch them ON/OFF (by clicking Use cell). When a data item is used a
currently active author's number is attached to it. If an author is ON all his data will be taken into
account during  Computations. You can type
there up to 200 names..

Table of data
lines:

Use INSERT and DELETE keys to input  or delete a data line (See Kinds of data lines).
Isolines, two-sided isolines and borders are inputed from .ISO or .GEO files (.GEO-files are splitted into sets of .ISO-files and loaded separately).
Profiles are inputed from .PRF-files
(see Data
formats).

After .ISO or .GEO file for loading is selected by
user the program asks how to input the data - as isolines or as borders. For
isolines it is possible to input their left and right values right to the
table.

When a data line is inputed currently active author is assigned for it.
To change select differen author in the Table of authors and click in the Author cell.

Use means that a data item is
used for Computations.

Show specifies if a data item
is shown on a map.

(Click in the cells to switch).

Click Inverted to change
direction of an isoline.

Type some text in Remark
cell. It will be plotted near the corresponding line. Empty remarks are not
plotted.

Parameters Depth0 and Depth1 specify the depth range for
which the line is valid. See Depth
layers for details.

Data points

Data point sets
(.PNT-files) represent values of
some function in arbitrary distributed geographic points. The following table is
used to insert the sets and edit their properties :

Use INSERT to add .PNT-file to a project and DELETE key to remove it (or just click
the leftmost column to call a popup menu for inserting/deleting).

Click USE cell to specify is the point set to
be used for Computations. Click Marker cell to change kind of marker
which is used to plot the points.

There are two kinds of scaling
: hysto (sizes of markers and
colors will be distributed to get about the same amounts of points for each
color and size) and uniform that
means that colors and sizes will be changed uniformly from minimal to maximal
value of the points.

Fit in window specifies will
these minimums and maximums be calculated only for those points which are
currently visible (if YES) or global minimum and maximum for all points of a set
will be used.

If Leg.value cell is set to
YES the minimal and maximal values will be plotted on the map legend.

There are several color
schemes for plotting : black-white (small values are more
dark), white-black (otherwise), red-blue,  blue-red and single color.

If the color scheme is set to
single color all the points will be
of the same color which can be selected by clicking the Color cell.

Plot vals : plot or not value
of each point;

Plot rems : plot or not
remark for each point;

Lett.size, Lett.color : size (mm) and color of
letters to plot values and/or remarks;

Grids

Grids are results
of Computations :
nodes with equal steps by latitude and longitude and a value attached to each
node. It is possible to load up to 10 grids simultaneously and plot them as
semi-transparent fields and/or maps of isolines.

This page enables to load a grid from .GR3-file (result of Computations by data points
of isolines) and edit its properties. It is possible to save all the editings in
a project.

When Field enabled switch is
on the grid is to be plotted by a transparent field. There are two ways to make
transparency : true way (when the program reads pixel and combines its color
with new one) and by patterns : when several points are omitted. This option can
be switched in Main
menu, Options, Transparency.

Inverted means that current
color scheme is to be used showing higher values darker.

Legend to map will plot the
preview window (right) to the map if Legends is ON in Main menu;

To change color of some
gradation just click inside its cell. To change color of an isoline click to the
line in the preview window to the right.

When checkbox Shadows is
checked click inside the shadows window to specify the light source
position.

The button Operations enables
to make some ariphmetic operation with two grids of the same size : it is
possible, for instance, to add values in cells, calculate average
etc.

After clicking this button the following panel appears :

It’s possible to type a formula containing constants, ariphmetic
signs (+, -, *, /, ^), built-in functions (log, ln, exp), round brackets and 2
predefined identifiers : current and
new. «Current» means a value in a
cell of current grid, whereas «new» is a value in a cell of new one.

When a formula is defined click OK and select a grid to process with
current one. If the grid appear to be of the same size as current one it will be
loaded for a while and for each couple of corresponding  cells of current and this grid the
operation specified by the formula will be executed. The results will be written
in the cells of current grid.

After processing is finished it is possible to save the resulting
grid by clicking Save
button.

Examples of
formulas:

current+new
Calculate sum of two grids;

0.5*current+0.5*new      Calculate average
for two grids;

Log(current)
Calculate log of current grid (chose any grid as new);

Button 3D plot enables to
make a ‘flight’ under the function’s surface. If the upper toolbar of the panel
is not visible, press Enter to make it visible. See 3D plot for grids.

3D plot for grids

Enables 3D plot for grids. The following
window will appear :

This is OpenGL
plot of the grid’s surface. Click within a red circle to set a
viewpoint.

When Sea is checked blue transparent plane
is plotted at the level specified.

When you click
Hide the upper toolbar disappear and you may have a flight under the surface.
Use keys : arrows forward and back to move; arrovs left and right, Home/End,
PgUp/PgDown to rotate.

Press Enter to
recover the upper panel.

Plot order

This page enables to set up a sequence of
data items plotting :

Select an item by mouse or cursor keys and
press a function key F1-F8 to define what order You need for this data
item.

Textures

Textures can be applied for filled conturs.
This are BMP files. The following
table in the Menu of
projects is designed to load and remove textures :

There are 3 parameters attached to each
texture :

- its reference name (this name is used to
correspond a filled contur with a given texture). Initially this is a BMP file
name but it may be changed;

NOTE : when reference name if ‘default’ this texture is used for drawing the background of map or
globe;

- its transparency (in percents). 0 means
solid, 100 - completely transparent;

- its brightness. Ranges from 0 to 255. Only
those pixels of the texture are to be plotted which are less bright than the
value.

Data formats

Data formats

See

Types of files used in the
program

Geographic data
format

Format for
profiles

Format for data point
sets

Types of files used in the
program

File extension

Remark

GEO

Geographic conturs : a set of lines
with points in geographci coordinates. See Geographic data
format;

ISO

Geographic lines. The same as GEO but
containing only one line per a file. See Geographic data format. Value (or
two values) can be assigned to a line during inserting a file into a
project (See Projects);

BPR

BEAR project. Contain info about all
data included in the project, names of files with grids, lines and bitmaps
attached to the project. See Projects

VWS

View. Current position of map/globe
can be saved and restored from these files. See Main menu, Views.

BBM

BEAR bitmap. Contain link to an image
file (PCX or BMP), info about geographic refence points to plot this file
to a map and a lline restricting the part of the bitmap to be plotted.
This files are produced by PCX
files wrapper;

PRF

Profiles. Contain lines in geographic
coordinates with one or two values attached to each point (depending on is
the profile one-sided or 2-sided). These files can be made by Convertor ISO to PRF
(see Main menu,
Tools, Format for
profiles)

GR1

Rectangular grids. Contain info about
grid corners and steps along latitudes and longitudes. Such grids can be
designed  (saved and loaded)
using pop-up menu of the Main
window.

GR3

Rectangular grids with results of
computations (values in the nodes) attached. See Computations;

GR2

The same as GR3 but for older version
of the program

PNT

Data point sets. Points with
geographic coordinates, values and remarks.

See Format for data point
sets;

RPT

Reference points for PCX files wrapper.
Sets of points both in pixels and in geographic coordinates to connect an
image file with a map;

LGL

Linear-geographic link. A file
containing linear and geographic coordinates for several image files (map
sheets). See PCX files
wrapper, Bear
Bitmaps, Combined
projects.

Geographic data format

Geographic data
are geographic contours (files *.GEO) and isolines (*.ISO). Format is the same. Files are
plain texts containing the following lines :

integer-line-number
latitude longitude

....

integer-line-number
latitude longitude

For .GEO files points with the same line
number are connected during plotting. For .ISO files these numbers have no sense.
Each .ISO file is assumed to contain
only one continuous line.

If a set of
isolines or borders is prepared in a single .GEO-file it is possible to split it
into a set of .ISO-files (Main menu, Tools, GEO->ISO splitter). The splittind is
done automatically when .GEO-file is
inputted in a project as isoline or border. (See Menu of projects).

On the contrary, if an isoline or a border is prepared in several .ISO-files (for example when the line
is digitized from several map sheets) it is possible to paste the files into a
single .ISO file (see ISO-files
paster).

The files .GEO and .ISO can be prepared by additional
digitizing program DpWin.EXE (see
External digitizing program
DpWin). A line can be drawn right on a map (see Main window) and saved as an
.ISO file. Together with PCX files wrapper this gives
a way to vectorize some images in this program.

Format for profiles

Initially profiles
are created as .ISO-files (by the
External digitizing program
DpWin or by plotting a line right on a map and saving it to .ISO-file, see Main window). After that it is possible to
choose Tools->Convertor ISO to PRF from
the Main menu and
assign data values to the profile's points. After saving .PRF-file it can be
added to a project using Menu of
projects.

.PRF-files are text files of the following lines :

The first
line:

Number-of sides
Flag-of-completeness

where Number-of-sides if 1 for one-side
profile, 2 for two-side profile;

Flag-of-completeness is 1 for complete
profiles (profiles with all points containing values) or 0 for incomplete
profiles. Incomplete profiles can not be added to projects, they can only be
loaded back to Convertor ISO to
PRF for editing.

Next lines contain
coordinates and values of points :

latitude  longitude  left-value  right-value

...

latitude  longitude  left-value  right-value

where values are
real numbers or question marks if the values are absent

Format for data point sets

Data point sets
(.PNT-files) represent values of
some function in arbitrary distributed geographic points. They are text files of
the following lines :

Latitude Longitude Value-Of-Function Text-remark

Main menu and main window

Main menu

Projects

New

discharge current project and switch to Menu of projects

Load

discharge current project and load .bpr file

Save

save current  project as
.bpr-file

(this mode is password-protected. See Author and copyright)

Edit

switch to Menu of
projects

Export

exports current project and all its files to a separate
directory

(this mode is password-protected. See Author and copyright)

Options

Plot values of
parameters

enable or disable isoline values plotting;

Miscellaneous
parameters

specify a set of numerical parameters
controlling map zooming and shifting,

size of letters for isoline values, division factor for spline
interpolation;

Dashes

specify how to plot dashes rectangular to
isolines;

Spline interpolation

enable or disable spline interpolation for
all kinds of data lines;

Legends

enable or disable legend plotting

Line styles

Specify styles (colors and thickness) for data lines :

isolines, profiles and borders;

Transparency

Specify how to plot semi-trancparent fields representing

calculated grids : true way (read previous pixel and combine
with

those currently plotting, slow way) or

by patterns with some
pixels omited

Change vector font

change one of vector fonts used to plot isolines values

from .VFT-files

Depths

Set parameters for current depth plot and usage for
computations

(See Depth
layers)

Projections

Plain map

Select plain map in equidistant projection

B/W globe

Select a globe which is possible to rotate
and move

Color globe

The same but the globe is blue in the star
sky

Calculations

Depths to use

Set depth range for current
computations

(See Depth
layers)

Profiling

See Computations

Grid computing

By data points (back
squares)

Calculate a grid by a set of data points

(grid must be selected on a map)

See Computations

By data lines and points
(Laplas)

Calculate a grid by a set of data lines and/or points

(grid must be selected on a map)

See Computations

Tools

GEO->ISO splitter

Enables to split GEO-file, i.e., a set of geographic
lines,

into separate ISO-files
containing one line per file

(see Data
formats);

ISO->PRF convertor

Enables to add left or rightside values to an
isoline

to make a profile

(see Convertor ISO to
PRF, Projects, Data formats)

ISO paster

Enables to paste several lines into one line

(see ISO-files
paster)

ISO cutter

Enables to cut an isoline to several pieces

(see ISO
cutter)

PCX files
wrapper

This enables to load PCX or BMP image (black-white, gray or 256
colors),

specify some reference points with

known latitudes and/or longitudes and put it to a map

together with vector lines.

(see PCX files
wrapper)

Picture

Save to WMF

Save current map
to Windows Metafile. Note that this option

might operate not
properly if the map contains many raster graphics,

such as bitmaps
and calculated grids;

Save to BMP

Save current map to BMP-file (RGB true color or 256 colors);

Views

Save

Save current map view on a disk as .VWS-file;

Load

Load a map view from  .VWS-file and use for current map;

Set as default

The program will return to this view after
clicking «Initial scale»

Help

Show this help file (bearhlp.hlp)

Main window

See also Main menu

ESC to switch to Menu of
projects

Right click
mouse to call pop-up menu

Left click mouse : start to zoom
the map (if contur editing mode if OFF) or draw a point of new contur (if contur
editing mode if ON).

Main form (window)
of the program contains controls for map managing. It enables to move the map,
change it's scale, color, view etc., print it or save to Windows
Metafile.

Controls on the left part of the form
are used for moving the map. Click the left upper button (‘ambulance’) to
replot the map.

The controls below are to
increase/decrease scale of the map. The button in the centre returns the
map to defaults scale.

The buttons below are to define colors
of the map;

The button below is used to select a
style for coordinate grid plotting (for plain maps only);

There are several checkboxes to the left from the
map.

1. Simplified
view

Enables to plot .GEO contours in a simplified
form, i.e., using the most significant points. This is useful for quicker
globe rotations and scale changing.

2. Wrap
PCX

Enables of disables plotting a PCX
file on the map, if such file is loaded and reference points are specified
(see PCX files
wrapper).

3.Slow
show.

Plot immediately to the screen. (Quick
show means plotting first in memory and quick output to the screen). When
checked it is impossible to save pictures as BMP files

4.Use
textures.

When disabled solid filled conturs are
instead of textured ones.

5.Hints

Enables/disables hints for buttons and
checkboxes

There is a set of buttons on the toolbar on top of the form

Their functions are :

1.
Enter password (see Author and
copyright);

2.
open Menu of projects to edit current
project;

3.
Run startup menu if exists (load one of
predefined projects and/or set some papameters);

4.
change between Windows fonts and
additional vector font of the program.

5.
save the map to Windows Metafile
(.WMF-file). Such files can be loaded to Ms Word documents;

6.
print the map;

7.
set plain map view in equidistant
projection;

8.
set black-white globe;

9.
set colored globe;

10. ,...,Z- - globe rotations clockwise and
counterclockwise around 3C rectangular coordinate system axis;

11. Checkbox "Hide" enables to hide a map for a while
- say, during some rescaling;

BACK button enables to return to the previous scale when map was zoomed by
mouse.

When the mouse cursor is moved along the map its current coordinates
(latitude and longitude) are displayed in the toolbar.

When You left-click mouse the frame appears. It
is possible to drag the frame to specify some region. When the button is
released the popup menu appears enabling the following functions :

n
Zoom the map in the region;

n
Find all data points in the
region;

n
Specify a grid for
computations;

By right-clicking
the mouse You can enter the following pop-up menu :

Menu item

Submenu

Remarks

Contur

Start new

Save

Erase last point

Edit

Finish editing

Continue editing

This submenu is designed to plot a new
contour (isoline) right to the map. To do this select firstly "Start new
contour", then left-click mouse several times in points You need, call the
pop-up menu again and select "Save contour". If number of points is >1
it will enable You to save the new contour in .ISO file (see Data formats). When
the contour is saved You can go to the Menu of projects and add it to current
project both as a geographic contour or as an isoline.

The 4th item (Edit new contour)
enables to edit coordinates of points, load a contour from disks, insert
or delete points.

Finish editing: switch to mouse
scaling mode, without erasing the new contur;

Continue editing: switch to editind
mode;

Centrify

Makes current mouse position the map's
centre

Zoom in

Increase picture around the
mouse

Zoom out

Decrease picture around the mouse
(increasing or decreasing factor can be specified in Main menu,
Options)

To bitmap

Remember geographic coordinates of
mouse and switch to PCX files
wrapper.

This option is convenient during link
establishing between a bitmap and a geographic map

Measure

Clear

Mark 1st point

Mark 2nd point

Menu

Enables to mark two points on a map,
connect them by direct line (along the Earth's surface) and measure a
distance between the points, in kilometers or degrees or azimuth from
1st to 2nd point (what to measure is specified in
menu);

Scale line

Add

Remove

A scale line will be plotted to the
right from current mouse position

Marker

Add

Remove

Enables to add/erase a marker. This
marker is attached to current mouse latitude and longitude so the marker
will move with map's shifts and rescalings.

Text

Add

Remove

Add/erase a text line. The same as
about markers;

When some contur is drawn on the map
(not greater than 10 points) it is possible to place a curved text into
it.

Grid

1st corner

2nd corner

Clear

Properties

Enables to select a rectangular grid
for Computations
(point its corners). The Properties submenu enables to specify grid steps
in kilometers or degrees, or numbers of steps for latitudes and
longitudes

Computations

Computations

In this program the term Computations means recovering of a
function by some data loaded into the program (data point sets or systems of
isolines and borders). The function can be recovered along a line (profiling) or
in nodes of a rectangular grid.

See

Profiling

Depth
layers

Creating a grid

Grid computing by data points
(back squares)

Grid computing by data lines
and points (Laplas)

Profiling

An user can draw a
profile on a map using pop-up menu or load profile from a disk (see Main window). After clicking
Computations->Profiling the
program calculates cross-sections of the profile with current set of isolines.
Resulting plot is displayed in separate window and can be saved as a plain text
data file, Windows metafile or printed;

Cross-sections of user-defined line and data
lines are given in the plot.

Use tools on top of screen to :

1) Close this form

2) Save profile as a text file;

3) Switch between Windows font and vector
font;

4) Save plot as Windows Metafile;

5) Print the plot;

6) Call this help;

7) Turn logariphmic scale on/off;

8) Turn remarks along axis
on/off.

Creating a grid

To create a
rectangular grid right-click mouse in the map to call pop-up menu (See Main window). Select Grid/1st corner to mark one
of grids corners, it will be marked by a cross mark. Then select Grid/2nd corner.

Or drag a frame on
the map (left-click mouse, drag and release) and select ‘Make a
grid’.

To finish the grid
creating (i.e., to set its steps along latitudes and longitudes) enter pop-up
menu again and select Grid/Properties.

The following form
will appear :

Coordinates of the
grids corners are inserted in the table after selecting the corners using the
pop-up menu. It is possible to change them manually.

To determine a
step along latitudes or longitudes just type one of the values : Step (degrees),
Step(kilometers) or Number of steps. All other parameters will be computed
automatically.

Use Save to make .GR1-file with description of the grid
for future using and Load to read .GR1-file.

NOTE : The equidistant mapping projection is used to create a grid. In
fact, the program uses steps by latitude and longitude in degrees, whereas the
steps in kilometers are recalculated with respect t the centre of the
grid.

Depth layers

This enables to specify how to take depths
into account for plotting and computing. (Depths for all data lines are
specified in projects, see Projects, Menu of projects, Data lines).

Grid computing by data points (back
squares)

An user have to
determine a rectangular grid, i.e., point its corners and enter steps along
latitudes and longitudes (see Creating a grid, use pop-up menu in Main window);

After that if a
point set or several point sets are loaded in current project (See Projects, Menu of projects, Data points) and they are switched ON they can be used
for the computing (Main
menu, Grid computing for data points).

The following form
apear on the screen :

It is possible to change maximal radius of a circle within which points
will be taken into account for interpolation (proportional to
1/R2).

If the flag Fill empty places
is ON the radius will be increased if no points were found within the initial
one.

The results can be saved as .GR3-files and added to a project as
Calculated grids, i.e., plotted on a map as semi-transparent fields and/or
isolines (see Projects, Menu of projects, Grids);

Grid computing by data lines and points
(Laplas)

An user have to
determine a rectangular grid, i.e., point its corners and enter steps along
latitudes and longitudes (see Creating a grid, use pop-up menu in Main window);

After that this
kind of computing is possible.

NOTE that only those isolines,
profiles and borders will be taken into account during the computations
which are:

- switched ON, i.e. their cells Use are ON (see Projects, Data lines);

- usage of their
author is switched ON (See Data
lines);

- depths attached
to them are within the limits specified in Depth layers;

NOTE that only those point
sets which are switched ON, i.e.
their cells Use are ON (see Projects, Data points);

The following form
will appear on the screen:

Checkbox "Show process" can be switched ON/OFF during the
computations.

The principle of
computation is as follows : the program traces lines, borders and points into
the grid, i.e., sets values in the grid nodes closest to the points and lines.
After that it solves Laplas equation iteratively using the traced values as
initial conditions (Numerical Zeidel method is used).

The procedure is stopped when minimal percent difference between nodes
during an iteration is less than the value given in "Stop at". During iterations
the program shows average and minimal percent differences.

Typically about Nx+Ny iterations are necessary for good function
approximation.

Tools

GEO-ISO splitter

Choose this tool from Main
menu, Tools.

Enables to extract
single lines from GEO-file prepared,
say, by the standalone digitizing program DpWin into separate ISO-files each one containing a single
line.

NOTE, that each line can not
be more than 1000 points long.

Names of resulting files are :

if XXX.GEO is a source file name, than
results are

XXX_N.ISO, where N is a number of
line.

See also :

Geographic data
format

External digitizing program
DpWin

Convertor ISO to PRF

This enables to
add values to a line. You can load an .ISO file or previously saved .PRF file using the form's main menu.
Coordinates of points and its values (for .PRF-files) will appear in the table
(see Data
formats).

Usage of the
toolbar

is as follows:

1) Close the window;

2) Call this
help;

3) Make linear
interpolation for those points which values are not specified using their
neighbors with known values;

4) Display current
file name;

5) Switch
specifying kind of a profile - one-sided or two-sided;

6) Button As a MAP / As a PLOT. Click it to
change the profile representation. If the button is As a PLOT the profile's left and right
values will be shown in logariphmic or ordinary scale, as selected by next
switch;

Profiles where not
all points are associated with some values are incomplete. It is possible to
save them as .PRF-files and load
back to this tool, but such files can not be added to projects.

ISO-files paster

This  mode enables to load several (to 10)
isolines and connect them into a single isoline just by clicking the ends of
lines You need to connect.

The toolbar
functions :

1) Close the window;

2) Call this help;

3) Clear loaded isolines;

4) Load an isoline from ISO-file (see Data formats);

5) Save pasted isoline as ISO-file (only if all the lines are connected
and the resulting line is unclosed);

ISO cutter

This tool enables to cut an ISO-file (a line in geographic coordinates)
to a separate pieces.

The toolbar functions are :

1) Close the
tool;

2) This
help;

3) Load an
ISO-file (see Geographic data
format);

4) Save currently
active piece of a line;

5) Disconnect
selected point from previous one;

6) Connect
disconnected point with previous one;

Click mouse to
select active point, then use 5) or 6) to disconnect/connect the point. Click
mouse to select active piece of a line to save;

PCX files wrapper

See also Bear Bitmaps, Combined
projects;

This enables to
load PCX or BMP image (black-white, 256 colors or grayscale) , specify some
reference points with known latitudes and/or longitudes and put it to a map
together with vector lines.

There are two ways
to call this tool :

1) from Main menu, Tools

2) from Main window's pop-up menu.
In this case current mouse position in geographic coordinates is remembered and
may be used as a reference point (see below);

This tool enables
to vectorize bitmap images using the program.

Typical ways to put an
image to a map

1) Load a
picture;

2) Choose some
line (parallel or meridian) for reference, specify it's latitude (for parallels)
or longitude (for meridians) in a window on the screen top (the other window
should be blank) and click mouse several times when it is on the
line;

3) Choose another
line, repeat several times for parallels and meridians;

4) Click Link button on the form toolbar. If the
points are inputed correctly the wrapped image will appear on the map when the
tool be closed;

A way to put an image
without geographic lines (latitudes or longitudes) is
:

1) Run the wrapper
using Main menu->Tools-PCX files wrapper->Split and run to see
simultaneously the map and the wrapper’s window.

2) Load a
picture;

3) Load some
vector geographic contur in current project to be seen on the map;

4) Select some
characteristic point on this vector contur, right-click mouse to call Main window's pop-up menu
and select "To bitmap";

5) In the wrapper
window find the same point on the bitmap and click mouse. This will be reference
point;

6) Do it several
times, than establish a link between the bitmap and geographic coordinates  by clicking the ‘open book’ button (see
below);

7) Click refresh
point of the main window to see how the image is wrapped (‘ambulance’ button at
the Main
window);

Buttons to the
left:

Move picture up

Move left

Replot picture

Move right

Move down

Zoom in

Fit in window

Zoom out

Initial scale

Mouse
functions

Left
button       -  functions depend on the Mouse switch to
the left :

Reference:

mark a reference
point and assign the latitude and/or longitude from windows on the screen top to
it;

Corners:

mark corners of restricting rectangle;

Restrictor:

mark points of restricting contur;

Right
button     - call a pop-up menu
enabling to zoom the picture in and out and remove the closest to mouse
reference point;

Main menu of the
wrapper

Picture

Load image       load PCX or
BMP file

Clear
remove image file from memory

Clear restrictor remove restricting contur

Points

Clear
clear current set of reference points

Load
load previously defined reference points set

Save
save reference points as .RPT-files

Bitmaps

Save
save BBM-file containing
image file name,

reference points and a restricting line to

cut a piece of bitmap.

Can be loaded in a project.

See Bitmaps,
Projects, Menu of projects

Combined
projects      See Combined projects

Open
Open (or create new) project

Save points       Write
reference points for current image into the project

Make BBMs      Make BBM files
for all image of the projects

Close
Close project

Toolbar buttons
functions:

1) Close the window;

2) This help;

3) Establish a link between current bitmap
image (by user-defined set of reference points), close the form and plot the
bitmap image on a map;

Currently the following regression is in use for the link
(Ld-longitude, Fi-latitude, x,y - rectangular coordinates in pixels)
:

Ld=a1+a2*x+a3*y+a4*x*y+a5*x*x+a6*y*y+a7*x*x*y+a8*x*y*y+a9*x*x*x+a10*y*y*y

Fi=b1+b2*x+b3*y+b4*x*y+b5*x*x+b6*y*y+b7*x*x*y+b8*x*y*y+b9*x*x*x+b10*y*y*y

Note,
that true number of coefficients can be less than 10 if smaller number of points
with known coordinate was marked or smaller number of coefficients is specified
(leftside menu)

4) Remove the link (don't plot bitmap
image)

5) Select color for black dots of bitmap
image for map plotting (white dots are transparent)

6) Disable selected corners or restricting
contur (show all the bitmap)

7) Hide PCX. When checked only reference
points are shown.

8) B/W plot. When checked even color or
grayscale pictures are shown as black-white ones. (Both in this tool and on the
map).

9) Select brightness for a color or
grayscale picture when B/W plot switch is checked

There are 4 cells under the toolbar
:

Latitude and Longitude cells. If value is entered in
one of the cells or in both the cells it is possible to put reference points on
a map. These values are attached to the points.

Linear X and Linear Y cells. It is possible to
attach linear coordinates to each reference point and use them for establishing
a link between

Bear Bitmaps

Bitmaps are
BBM-files produced by PCX files
wrapper. A BBM-file contain :

- name of image file (BMP or PCX);

- a set of reference points with known coordinates in pixels and
geographic

coordinates;

- a set of coefficients defining recalculation of coordinates from image
pixels

to latitudes and
longitudes;

- a restricting contur defining which part of the picture is to be
plotted;

To prepare a
bitmap call PCX files
wrapper from Main
menu, load image file and establish a link between its pixels and
geographic coordinates. Then save BBM-file using option Save from the wrappers
main menu.

To load a bitmap
use Menu of projects,
Bitmaps;

Combined projects

Combined projects
can be produced by PCX files
wrapper.  When a
scanned map consists of several sheets (several PCX files) it is possible to
process the image files together to obtain their Bear Bitmaps.

Common linear coordinate
system must exist for all map sheets.

The following
stages should be done (menu of PCX
files wrapper, Combined projects) :

1)   Open (or create new) project file
(.LGL);

2)   Load a map sheet (PCX or BMP
file);

3)   Mark several points with known linear
and/or geographic coordinates;

4)   Save points to the project;

5)   Do 2)-4) for all map sheets;

6)   Use ‘Make BBMs’ to make Bear Bitmaps for all the
sheets;

NOTE :

1)   each map sheet must have at least 3
points with known linear coordinates;

2)   total number of points with known
geographic coordinates for all the sheets should not be less than 3;

Example : two pieces of the same map have been scanned separately and linked
using linear coordinate system :

1) the map sheets
scanned separately :

2) resulting
bitmaps wrapped together :

External digitizing program DpWin

External digitizing program
DpWin

The  DpWin digitizing program can be used
for vectorizing scanned images saved in .PCX-files. Points (lines) can be
marked manually as well as pieces of continuous black lines can be traced
automatically.

Digitized
points/lines can be saved in pixels and converted to linear or geographic
coordinate system if several reference points with known true coordinates are
available.

Resulting data are
saved in simple text formats, one of which is .GEO-format.